電(dian)氣(qi)裝(zhuang)備(bei)用(yong)電(dian)線電(dian)纜(lan)使(shi)用(yong)范圍很廣因而(er)品種繁多，主要(yao)涉及(ji)供電(dian)、配電(dian)和(he)用(yong)電(dian)所(suo)需(xu)要(yao)的各種通用(yong)或專(zhuan)用(yong)的電(dian)線電(dian)纜(lan)以(yi)及(ji)控制(zhi)、信號、儀表和(he)測(ce)溫(wen)等弱電(dian)系統中所(suo)使(shi)用(yong)的電(dian)線電(dian)纜(lan)。我國電(dian)氣(qi)裝(zhuang)備(bei)用(yong)電(dian)線電(dian)纜(lan)的發(fa)展與應用(yong)領域(yu)的發(fa)展基本同步，但某些高端裝(zhuang)備(bei)線纜(lan)及(ji)特定使(shi)用(yong)要(yao)求(qiu)的電(dian)纜(lan)料尚需(xu)進口。
由于品種繁(fan)多本文中無(wu)法全部(bu)述(shu)及僅歸類以(yi)建筑工程、交通領域、采礦(kuang)、新能(neng)源領域、工業自(zi)動化裝備用電線電纜為代表予以(yi)闡(chan)述(shu)，同時綜述(shu)分析了線纜用材料國(guo)產化狀況。
一、建筑工程領域用電(dian)線電(dian)纜
1、發展現狀
建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)工程(cheng)(cheng)領域(yu)用(yong)電(dian)線(xian)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)主(zhu)要有(you)布電(dian)線(xian)、電(dian)梯電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)、阻與耐火電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)、預分支(zhi)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)、鋁合金導(dao)體電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)等(deng)，還(huan)有(you)中低壓電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)（列在電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)領域(yu)中）主(zhu)要依托城鄉基(ji)礎建(jian)(jian)設及房地產業的發展(zhan)。隨(sui)著人(ren)們生活水平(ping)的改善，家庭電(dian)氣化和(he)信息化程(cheng)(cheng)度不(bu)斷提高，建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)工程(cheng)(cheng)領域(yu)用(yong)電(dian)線(xian)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)量迅速增長。
布(bu)(bu)電線(xian)(xian)主要有兩(liang)類(lei)：一類(lei)為(wei)聚(ju)氯乙烯(xi)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)電線(xian)(xian)，是CCC強(qiang)制認(ren)證(zheng)產品(pin)，執行標準(zhun)為(wei)GB/5023(等同(tong)采用(yong)(yong)IEC 60227）及JB/T8734號文(wen)件；另(ling)一類(lei)為(wei)交(jiao)聯聚(ju)烯(xi)烴(jing)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)低煙(yan)(yan)無鹵(lu)阻燃(ran)電線(xian)(xian)，有行業(ye)標準(zhun)，但由(you)于市(shi)場(chang)上采用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)產品(pin)型(xing)號不(bu)規范等原因，目前主要執行企業(ye)標準(zhun)。隨著安(an)全環保意識(shi)的(de)(de)增強(qiang)，低煙(yan)(yan)無鹵(lu)阻燃(ran)型(xing)電線(xian)(xian)得到了越(yue)來(lai)越(yue)多(duo)的(de)(de)認(ren)可，更(geng)多(duo)公共設施及高(gao)層建(jian)筑(zhu)樓宇(yu)的(de)(de)建(jian)設選用(yong)(yong)低煙(yan)(yan)無鹵(lu)阻燃(ran)電線(xian)(xian)。可以預計低煙(yan)(yan)無鹵(lu)阻燃(ran)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)電線(xian)(xian)（以交(jiao)聯型(xing)低煙(yan)(yan)無鹵(lu)阻然絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)電線(xian)(xian)為(wei)主）市(shi)場(chang)需求(qiu)量將呈現快速(su)增長趨勢。同(tong)時近年來(lai)為(wei)滿足建(jian)筑(zhu)家(jia)裝布(bu)(bu)電線(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)個性化要求(qiu)，國內有企業(ye)開發了與(yu)建(jian)筑(zhu)物產權(quan)年限相當的(de)(de)“長壽命”布(bu)(bu)電線(xian)(xian)產品(pin)在推廣應(ying)用(yong)(yong)。
布電(dian)線結構簡單(dan)，用戶對品(pin)(pin)牌(pai)認可度高(gao)，該產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)具有(you)良好的(de)(de)經濟效(xiao)益，普遍得到線纜企業(ye)的(de)(de)重視，生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)該類產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)線纜企業(ye)眾多，生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)能力得到不(bu)斷提(ti)(ti)升(sheng)(sheng)，滿(man)足了(le)相關領域需求。布電(dian)線采用的(de)(de)電(dian)纜料及生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)裝(zhuang)備均實現了(le)國產(chan)(chan)化。近幾年(nian)高(gao)速擠出機、擠出包裝(zhuang)串(chuan)聯生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)線在(zai)布電(dian)線制造(zao)上(shang)的(de)(de)推廣應用，使布電(dian)線的(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)效(xiao)率得到大幅提(ti)(ti)升(sheng)(sheng)，與國外(wai)同(tong)類產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)水平保(bao)持同(tong)步(bu)。隨(sui)著(zhu)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)發展，紫(zi)外(wai)光交聯技(ji)(ji)術(shu)、硅烷交聯技(ji)(ji)術(shu)在(zai)交聯烯烴絕緣低煙無鹵阻(zu)(zu)燃電(dian)線制造(zao)中(zhong)得到應用，但(dan)整體而言，硅烷交聯低煙無鹵阻(zu)(zu)燃技(ji)(ji)術(shu)在(zai)國內(nei)尚處于起步(bu)階(jie)段。
中國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)梯行業發展迅猛(meng)，年均增長(chang)率約19%，電(dian)(dian)梯擁(yong)有量從(cong)2001年的(de)(de)(de)28.5萬臺(tai)迅速發展到(dao)2018年底(di)的(de)(de)(de)566萬臺(tai)，由此帶動了電(dian)(dian)梯電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)用量的(de)(de)(de)逐年提升。國(guo)內(nei)電(dian)(dian)梯電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的(de)(de)(de)執(zhi)行標(biao)準可以分(fen)為4大(da)類：IEC/GB、EN、UL/CSA、JIS。占據(ju)市場70%~80%產量的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)梯電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)以額定電(dian)(dian)壓450/750V及以下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)銅芯聚氯乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣聚氯乙(yi)烯(xi)護套電(dian)(dian)梯電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)為主(zhu),產品基本上都(dou)是(shi)根據(ju)IEC/GB或(huo)EN標(biao)準要(yao)(yao)求生產。
阻(zu)燃(ran)(ran)與耐(nai)火(huo)(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)在(zai)(zai)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)領域應(ying)用量大，其中(zhong)阻(zu)燃(ran)(ran)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)有含鹵(lu)阻(zu)燃(ran)(ran)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)和(he)無(wu)鹵(lu)阻(zu)燃(ran)(ran)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)，為防(fang)止火(huo)(huo)災二次危(wei)害，近年來(lai)，無(wu)鹵(lu)阻(zu)燃(ran)(ran)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)應(ying)用量越來(lai)越大。耐(nai)火(huo)(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)根據建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)物消(xiao)(xiao)防(fang)等級和(he)應(ying)用場(chang)景不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要求(qiu)，有多(duo)種結構形(xing)式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)耐(nai)火(huo)(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)，其功能是(shi)在(zai)(zai)火(huo)(huo)焰燃(ran)(ran)燒情況下(xia)能夠保持一(yi)定時間內安(an)全(quan)運行的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。隨著國民消(xiao)(xiao)防(fang)安(an)全(quan)意識(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提高，耐(nai)火(huo)(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)越來(lai)越廣泛地(di)應(ying)用于各(ge)類(lei)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)中(zhong)，如：高層(ceng)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)、地(di)鐵、地(di)下(xia)購物中(zhong)心、機場(chang)、車站、大型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站及重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工礦企業等與防(fang)火(huo)(huo)安(an)全(quan)和(he)消(xiao)(xiao)防(fang)救生有關的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)場(chang)所(suo)。所(suo)以對于建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)物及公共場(chang)所(suo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)消(xiao)(xiao)防(fang)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及消(xiao)(xiao)防(fang)設施(shi)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)必(bi)須選(xuan)用符合消(xiao)(xiao)防(fang)要求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各(ge)類(lei)耐(nai)火(huo)(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。1994年開始，建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)設計(ji)規(gui)范(fan)(fan)逐漸將耐(nai)火(huo)(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使用要求(qiu)納入強制(zhi)性條款中(zhong)。2016年，DGJ08-2048—2016《民用建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣防(fang)火(huo)(huo)設計(ji)規(gui)程》、《民用建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣設計(ji)規(gui)范(fan)(fan)》征(zheng)求(qiu)意見稿、（公消(xiao)(xiao)[2018]57號）《建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)高度大于250米民用建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)防(fang)火(huo)(huo)設計(ji)加強性技術要求(qiu)（試行）》等規(gui)范(fan)(fan)開始對消(xiao)(xiao)防(fang)線路上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)耐(nai)火(huo)(huo)溫度及持續供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間給出明確的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定。
在(zai)市場需求推動下，國(guo)內低(di)(di)(di)壓(ya)耐(nai)(nai)火(huo)(huo)電纜產(chan)品類(lei)別、生(sheng)產(chan)裝備、材(cai)料技術(shu)都得到快速發展(zhan)，國(guo)內線纜企(qi)業一(yi)般均具(ju)備低(di)(di)(di)壓(ya)耐(nai)(nai)火(huo)(huo)電纜的(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)能(neng)力(li)，產(chan)品實現(xian)(xian)了(le)完(wan)全國(guo)產(chan)化，并(bing)不斷涌現(xian)(xian)出創新產(chan)品，如(ru)：萬米卷大長(chang)度(du)云母帶(dai)(dai)，新型陶(tao)(tao)瓷(ci)(ci)化耐(nai)(nai)火(huo)(huo)材(cai)料、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)帶(dai)(dai)縱(zong)包(bao)氬弧焊(han)裝備及恒張力(li)云母帶(dai)(dai)繞包(bao)裝備等的(de)(de)應用(yong)，促進了(le)低(di)(di)(di)壓(ya)耐(nai)(nai)火(huo)(huo)電纜的(de)(de)技術(shu)進步和質量(liang)提升。產(chan)生(sheng)了(le)種類(lei)較多(duo)的(de)(de)低(di)(di)(di)壓(ya)耐(nai)(nai)火(huo)(huo)電纜結(jie)構(gou)(gou)：GB/T 12706基礎上改進的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)導(dao)(dao)體(ti)(ti)(ti)+云母帶(dai)(dai)/交(jiao)聯聚乙(yi)(yi)烯(xi)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)+阻(zu)燃外護(hu)套(tao)(tao)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)、GB/ T13033.1的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)導(dao)(dao)體(ti)(ti)(ti)+氧化鎂絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)+銅(tong)(tong)(tong)護(hu)套(tao)(tao)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)、GB/T 34926的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)導(dao)(dao)體(ti)(ti)(ti)+云母帶(dai)(dai)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)+填(tian)充+保護(hu)層+銅(tong)(tong)(tong)護(hu)套(tao)(tao)（+塑料外護(hu)套(tao)(tao)）結(jie)構(gou)(gou)，還有銅(tong)(tong)(tong)導(dao)(dao)體(ti)(ti)(ti)+云母帶(dai)(dai)/交(jiao)聯聚乙(yi)(yi)烯(xi)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)+礦物填(tian)充（防火(huo)(huo)泥或(huo)陶(tao)(tao)瓷(ci)(ci)化聚烯(xi)烴材(cai)料）+低(di)(di)(di)煙無(wu)鹵外護(hu)套(tao)(tao)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)導(dao)(dao)體(ti)(ti)(ti)+云母帶(dai)(dai)/交(jiao)聯聚乙(yi)(yi)烯(xi)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)+鋁管(guan)+防火(huo)(huo)泥填(tian)充+低(di)(di)(di)煙無(wu)鹵外護(hu)套(tao)(tao)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)導(dao)(dao)體(ti)(ti)(ti)+陶(tao)(tao)瓷(ci)(ci)化硅橡(xiang)膠絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)或(huo)交(jiao)聯聚乙(yi)(yi)烯(xi)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)+陶(tao)(tao)瓷(ci)(ci)化硅橡(xiang)膠填(tian)充+低(di)(di)(di)煙無(wu)鹵外護(hu)套(tao)(tao)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)等。產(chan)品耐(nai)(nai)火(huo)(huo)性能(neng)可達到英國(guo)標準BS 6387和BS 8491要求。
近些(xie)年來，在(zai)建筑(zhu)工(gong)程(cheng)領域(yu)也(ye)有不少采用(yong)鋁合金導體(ti)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)、預分支(zhi)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。隨著工(gong)藝技(ji)術的進步，充分發揮了(le)鋁合金導體(ti)替代銅纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的作用(yong)，同時預分支(zhi)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)也(ye)極大的方便了(le)工(gong)程(cheng)電(dian)(dian)氣安裝。為降低超高(gao)(gao)層(ceng)建筑(zhu)物內部低壓(ya)(ya)供電(dian)(dian)線(xian)路的損耗，減少低壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)用(yong)量和占用(yong)空間(jian)(jian)，提高(gao)(gao)超高(gao)(gao)層(ceng)建筑(zhu)供電(dian)(dian)可靠性，現已采用(yong)垂吊(diao)敷設中(zhong)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)直達超高(gao)(gao)層(ceng)建筑(zhu)物負(fu)荷中(zhong)心的變電(dian)(dian)室(shi)，既減少了(le)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)通道(dao)空間(jian)(jian)，又改(gai)善了(le)供電(dian)(dian)質(zhi)量，這種垂吊(diao)敷設中(zhong)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)已在(zai)超高(gao)(gao)層(ceng)建筑(zhu)及重大工(gong)程(cheng)中(zhong)得到應用(yong)。
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